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test set
In many areas of information science, finding predictive relationships from data is a very important task. Initial discovery of relationships is usually done with a ''training set'' while a ''test set'' and ''validation set'' are used for evaluating whether the discovered relationships hold. More formally, a training set is a set of data used to discover potentially predictive relationships.
A test set is a set of data used to assess the strength and utility of a predictive relationship. Test and training sets are used in intelligent systems, machine learning, genetic programming and statistics.
==Rationale==
Regression analysis was one of the earliest such approaches to be developed. The data used to construct or discover a predictive relationship are called the training data set. Most approaches that search through training data for empirical relationships tend to overfit the data, meaning that they can identify apparent relationships in the training data that do not hold in general. A test set is a set of data that is independent of the training data, but that follows the same probability distribution as the training data. If a model fit to the training set also fits the test set well, minimal overfitting has taken place. A better fitting of the training set as opposed to the test set usually points to overfitting.
In order to avoid overfitting, when any classification parameter needs to be adjusted, it is necessary to have a validation set in addition to the training and test sets. For example if the most suitable classifier for the problem is sought, the training set is used to train the candidate algorithms, the validation set is used to compare their performances and decide which one to take, and finally, the test set is used to obtain the performance characteristics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure and so on. Another example of parameter adjustment is hierarchical classification (sometimes referred to as instance space decomposition 〔Cohen S, Rokach L., Maimon O. Decision-tree instance-space decomposition with grouped gain-ratio In J. Information Sciences, vol. 177, issue 17, pp. 3592–3612. Elsevier. 2007.〕), which splits a complete multi-class problem into a set of smaller classification problems. It serves for learning more accurate concepts due to simpler classification boundaries in subtasks and individual feature selection procedures for subtasks. When doing classification decomposition, the central choice is the order of combination of smaller classification steps, called the classification path. Depending on the application, it can be derived from the confusion matrix and, uncovering the reasons for typical errors and finding ways to prevent the system make those in the future. For example,〔Sidorova, J., Badia, T. "ESEDA: tool for enhanced speech emotion detection and analysis". The 4th International Conference on Automated Solutions for Cross Media Content and Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS 2008). Florence, November, 17-19, pp. 257–260. IEEE press.〕 on the validation set one can see which classes are most frequently mutually confused by the system and then the instance space decomposition is done as follows: firstly, the classification is done among well recognizable classes, and the difficult to separate classes are treated as a single joint class, and finally, as a second classification step the joint class is classified into the two initially mutually confused classes.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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